Although one justification for economic regulation was to protect consumers from the exercise of producers market power, observers noted that regulatory agencies, such as the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Civil Aeronautics Board, and the Federal Communications Commission, seemed to get captured by the industries they regulated. ." In 1980 the Staggers Act furthered railroad deregulation, but by then, many railroads were operating under greatly reduced circumstances, if they were operating at all. While economic forms of regulation were declining in the 1970s, a new type of social regulation began to emerge, aimed at protecting health, safety, and the environment. This was the first independent agency (or so-called Fourth Branch ). Her work helped lay the foundation for modern codebreaking today. b. a growing supply of labor. Lack of reserves made it difficult for companies when the American transportation industry became more diverse and competitive. This law introduced a new type of federal agency, outside the framework of the executive departments and largely independent of the president. The Commission had a troubled start because the law that created it failed to give it adequate enforcement powers. And, like the ICC, later agencies tended to be organized as multi-headed independent commissions with staggered terms for the commissioners. Populism. [11] The valuation process turned out to be of limited use in helping the ICC set rates fairly. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In the Alabama Midland Railway Company case of "Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 The Interstate Commerce Commission was created in 1887 to constrain railroad rates. The Interstate Commercial Acts showed this Congress could apply the Commerce Clause more expansively to regional issues if they involved commodity across state lines. Omissions? The authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), established 1887 by act of Congress, was later fortified by the Hepburn Act of 1906 and the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910. Trucks, buses and cars could take flexible travel routes from point to point; railroads could not.
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